Padangsche Spaarbank: Riwayatmu Dulu
“Menjimpan wang pada Padangsche Spaarbank sama artinja dengan pertjaja kepada pedoman jang menjelamatkan kapal dan perahoe sampai ke pelaboehan.”
Kalimat di atas adalah iklan Padangsche Spaarbank (Bank Tabungan Padang) yang dimuat dalam majalah Perospektoes pada 1940. Majalah ini dulunya diterbitkan secara berkala oleh Sekolah Ekonomi Kayu Tanam, Sumatra’s Westkust (Sumatra Barat). Melalui metafor yang begitu indah, iklan tersebut berusaha meyakinkan pembacanya agar menabung di Padangsche Spaarbank. Dengan menyimpan uang di bank ini, maka hidup akan selamat–ibarat kapal dan perahu yang telah merapat ke pelabuhan. Padangsche Spaarbank memang termasuk bank yang sangat populer pada paruhan pertama abad 20 di Kota Padang.
Sepanjang pengetahuan penulis, belum ada tulisan yang membahas secara agak mendalam tentang latar sejarah, dinamika, dan signifikansi keberadaan Padangsche Spaarbank dalam perkembangan Kota Padang. Jika pun ada, tulisan tersebut hanya memberikan gambaran singkat yang biasanya ditujukan untuk menarik perhatian pengunjung atau untuk penulisan deskripsi cagar budaya. Padahal, satu narasi utuh tentang sejarah dan peran penting Padangsche Spaarbank, yang kini gedung banknya masih kokoh berdiri (gbr. 1), sangat diperlukan dalam kerangka pengembangan Kawasan Kota Tua Padang ke depan. Inilah permasalahannya.
Tulisan ini hadir untuk menjawab permasalahan tersebut. Kepada Tuan/Puan pembaca sekalian, penulis bentangkan sejumlah pertanyaan berikut. Bagaimanakah latar sejarah pendirian Padangsche Spaarbank? Bagaimanakah manajemen dan kegiatan layanan kas Padangsche Spaarbank dijalankan? Apa arti penting keberadaan Padangsche Spaarbank bagi penduduk Kota Padang? Pada tulisan ini, penulis mencoba menjawab pertanyaan tersebut dengan penekanan waktu sebelum Indonesia merdeka. Tulisan lanjutan dengan periode waktu paskakemerdekaan akan disampaikan pada bagian yang berbeda. Selamat membaca.
Padangsche Spaarbank didirikan oleh Loji Matahari, yaitu kelompok Freemason di Padang, pada 1 Januari 1879. Pendirian bank ini dimaksudkan agar menjadi tempat menabung yang aman, sesuai dengan tagline-nya “Veilige Sparen”. Bank dikelola oleh dewan direksi yang terdiri dari seorang direktur, sekretaris, dan bendahara. Pada awal pendiriannya, dewan direksi dijabat oleh W.B. Pearson (sebagai direktur), H. van Santwijk (sekretaris), dan F.D. Chandon (bendahara). Dewan direksi ini berada di bawah pengawasan suatu dewan (komisaris), yang juga terdiri dari tiga orang. Dewan pengawas bank pada periode awal didirikan adalah H.D. Canne (Gubernur Sumatra’s Westkust), P.C.E. Specht Grijp (Ketua Dewan Kehakiman Padang), dan R.E.G. Steffan (Kepala Firma van Houten Steffan & Co Padang). Menilik nama-nama tersebut, timbul kesan bahwa bank Padangsche Spaarbank sejak awal telah memiliki pengaruh yang besar, sehingga bisa menggaet para pejabat tinggi kolonial untuk masuk dalam jajaran direksi dan komisaris.
Sebelum memiliki gedung bank sendiri, Padangsche Spaarbank dulunya menjalankan kegiatan perbankan di sebuah kantor milik seseorang bernama J.W. Maurer. Ia memiliki pengaruh besar dalam masa-masa awal perkembangan Padangsche Spaarbank. Maurer pernah menjabat sebagai bendahara bank pada dekade 1880-an hingga 1890-an. Babak baru pembangunan kantor Padangsche Spaarbank akhirnya dimulai pada 1900-an. Tepatnya pada 1906, seorang Kapitan Cina yang bernama Gho Tjong membangun sebuah gedung di pinggiran sungai Batang Arau. Letak gedung baru itu persis berada di seberang Klenteng See Hin Kiong, dengan fasad depannya membelakangi sungai. Pada 1908, Loji Matahari membeli gedung tersebut dan kemudian menjadikannya kantor Padangsche Spaarbank yang baru.
Dari tahun ke tahun, Padangsche Spaarbank terus berkembang dan memberikan dampak yang besar terhadap pertumbuhan ekonomi Sumatra Barat, khususnya Kota Padang. Banyak penduduk, melalui bantuan kredit dari bank, akhirnya dapat memiliki rumah sendiri. Banyak pula yang berhasil mengembangkan bisnis dan usaha mereka dengan cara menggadaikan properti yang dimilikinya ke pihak bank. Ketika sebagian pemukiman di kawasan Kampung Cina terbakar pada 1923, Padangsche Spaarbank turut memberikan bantuan dana untuk pemulihan dan korban terdampak.
Sementara itu, kegiatan pelayanan kas di Padangsche Spaarbank dapat dibaca dari media pers. Laporan surat kabar Sinar Sumatra (1924-1927) menyebut bahwa setoran awal tabungan di Padangsche Spaarbank minimal f 1 (satu Gulden). Nasabah dapat datang langsung ke kantor kas untuk membuka rekening. Kantor kasnya dibuka setiap hari kerja, mulai dari pukul 9 pagi hingga pukul 12.30 siang. Khusus hari Sabtu, ada sedikit perbedaan. Layanan kas dibuka dari pukul 9 pagi hingga pukul 11.30 siang. Pada hari Minggu, kantor kas tutup. Nasabah bank terdiri dari penduduk Eropa, Tionghoa, dan Melayu. Hal lain yang menarik adalah bahwa neraca keuangan bank dipublikasikan setiap bulan di media pers, seperti di surat kabar Sumatra-Bode, Sumatra-courant, dan Sinar Sumatra. Dengan demikian, nasabah dan para pembaca dapat mengetahui keadaan keuangan dari bank terpopuler di Kota Padang itu.
Pada 1929, bertepatan dengan peringatan hari jadi yang ke-50, Padangsche Spaarbank memberikan bantuan keuangan kepada instansi pemerintah dan sejumlah lembaga. Totalnya mencapai 10.000 Gulden, dengan rincian: 2.500 untuk pengadaan barang di balai sidang Pemerintah Kota Padang (Balaikota Padang lama); 2.500 untuk Loji Matahari; 1.000 untuk pembangunan Rumah Sakit Mata “Whitlau”; 1.000 untuk sarana liburan bagi anak-anak pribumi; 1.000 untuk Yayasan Gereja Cina, yang selanjutnya diserahkan kepada penduduk di Kampung Cina; 500 untuk kelompok “Pro Juventute”; 500 untuk umat Protestan; 500 untuk umat Katolik; dan 500 untuk perkumpulan “Vacantiehuis Elisahoeve”. Pemberian bantuan ini menunjukkan bahwa Padangsche Spaarbank peduli terhadap kehidupan sosial dan ekonomi penduduk.
Krisis ekonomi dunia pada 1930-an menimbulkan situasi pelik yang mengancam kelangsungan perbankan di seluruh dunia, termasuk di Hindia-Belanda. Banyak bank mengalami kebangkrutan. Penduduk berduyun-duyun menarik dana sehingga kas bank menipis. Meski ikut terdampak, Padangsche Spaarbank mampu bertahan di tengah krisis ini. De Javasche Bank memberikan bantuan pada Padangsche Spaarbank, tidak hanya selama tahun-tahun yang sulit itu, tetapi juga pada masa-masa setelahnya.
Pada masa pendudukan Jepang, militer mengambil alih beberapa lembaga keuangan dan perbankan untuk kepentingan perang, termasuk Padangsche Spaarbank. Setelah Indonesia merdeka, bekas gedung bank tersebut sempat difungsikan sebagai Kantor Bank Tabungan Negara (BTN) Sumatra Barat. Pada bagian depan, di sebelah kiri pintu masuk, terdapat inskripsi “Bank Tabungan Sumatra Barat. Dahulu Padangsche Spaarbank.” Gedung ini terletak di Jalan Batang Arau No. 33, Padang, dan telah ditetapkan sebagai cagar budaya sejak 1998.
**Diolah dari “Het Gouden Jubileum van de Padangsche Spaarbank” dan sejumlah surat kabar kolonial.
Tentang Penulis
Ego Arianto lahir di Solok, 17 Maret 1994. Saat ini bekerja sebagai analis sumber sejarah pada Seksi Sejarah dan Tradisi, Dinas Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan Kota Padang. Saat ini tengah merampungkan studi magister pada Program Pascasarjana Ilmu Sejarah Universitas Andalas, Padang. Tulisan terbarunya, “Di Balik Rekonstruksi Rumah Kelahiran Bung Hatta,” dimuat dalam antologi feature Hatta: Role Model nan Role Player (Perpusnas Press, 2022).
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