CHATIB SULAIMAN: Sekelumit Prestasi Perjuangannya dalam Kancah Revolusi Fisik 1945-1950
Risalah oleh : Drs. Khalid Efendi, M.Pd.
Jika anda pernah berkunjung ke kota Padang, maka anda akan melewati salah satu ruas jalan utama di kota tersebut: Jalan Chatib Sulaiman. Siapakah Chatib Sulaiman? Beberapa orang mungkin mengetahui banyak tentang pribadi tokoh ini, namun sebagian orang mungkin tidak mengenalnya. Chatib Sulaiman pada masa kini , hanya dikenang lewat nama jalan protokol di Kota Padang. Fotonya jarang bertebaran di dunia maya, namanya ditemukan dalam lembaran arsip berdebu, penggalan laporan penelitian dan buku. Namun , jarang orang Minangkabau mengetahui lebih jauh sosok sederhana itu. Chatib Sulaiman adalah satu dari sekian tokoh dalam jajaran petinggi Pemerintah Darurat Republik Indonesia (PDRI) – yang berperan penting dalam mengimplementasikan gagasan pertahanan semesta di akhir 1948 sampai ia gugur di bawah terjangan peluru tentara Belanda pada 15 Januari 1949 (atau dikenal dengan Peristiwa Situjuh Batur). Ia gugur sebagai Ketua MPRD, Bapak BPNK, dan pernah menduduki jabatan strategis di masa kemerdekaan hingga revolusi kemerdekaan. (Sufyan, 2020: hal.15; viii).
Artikel ini menjelaskan kiprah Chatib Sulaiman di dunia pergerakan kemerdekaan Republik Indonesia, lebih khusus dalam konteks bela Negara.
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Chatib Sulaiman, anak nagari (putera) Sumpur (di pinggir Danau Singkarak) dilahirkan pada tahun 1906, dan tumbuh besar di Pasar Gadang (Padang). Chatib adalah nama yang diberikan orang tuanyanya, anak keempat dari perkawinan Haji Sulaiman, seorang saudagar kaya dengan Siti Rahmah.Setelah berumur enam tahun (1912) Chatib diboyong oleh Siti Rahmah ke Pasar Gadang. Pasar Gadang banyak membentuk pribadinya, sebab di Pasar Gadang ini Chatib melewati masa kanak-kanak dan remaja.
Mengawali sekolahnya di Gouvernment Benteng pada usia 6 tahun. karena tergolong murid yang pandai, ia berhasil menamatkan pendidikannya tahun 1917. Pada malam hari Chatib menghabiskan waktunya belajar dan tidur di Surau Sumpu, di belakang Pasar Gadang. Chatib adalah lulusan HIS Adabiah School, satu-satunya sekolah formal di Kota Padang yang mengajarkan agama Islam, dan menamatkan pendidikan di sekolah ini pada 1919.
Chatib Sulaiman adalah anak asuh (protégé) Abdullah Basa Bandaro, seorang saudagar kaya di Pasar Mudik Padang, sekaligus tokoh yang membawa Sarekat Islam ke Sumatera Barat (Kahin, 2005: h.71; Sufyan, 2020, hal. 25) yang membiayai pendidikan pemuda ini ke tingkat MULO (kini SMPN 1 Padang) , setelah ayahnya. Haji Sulaiman (saudagar Padang) jatuh bangkrut pada akhir Perang Dunia I.
Pailitnya usaha dagang Haji Sulaiman disebabkan oleh Perang Pajak (belasting) merupakan perang bersenjata pada 15-16 Juni 1908 yang melibatkan rakyat Kamang melawan pemerintah kolonial Hindia Belanda akibat penerapan pajak langsung kepada masyarakat. Perlawanan ini dibalas oleh pemerintah Kolonial Belanda dengan reaksi keras mengirim marsose ke daerah konflik tersebut, yang akhirnya menimbulkan korban jiwa pada masyarakat maupun tentara Kolonial. Perang belasting ini diawali di Kamang , kemudian menyebar pada kawasan lain seperti Manggopoh, Lintau Buo dan lain-lain. (Leon Salim dikutip Amran dalam Sufyan, 2020: hal. 24) Mesti Chatib hanya sempat belajar selama dua tahun di MULO, setingkat SLTP di Padang, dia cukup menguasai bahasa Inggris, Belanda, dan Prancis dan dengan bekal inilah Chatib Sulaiman memasuki dunia pergerakan nasional di Kota Padang Panjang.
Bergabung dalam organisasi Kepanduan
Perjalanan Chatib ke Padang Panjang pada tahun 1929, seakan ditakdirkan untuk bertemu Leon Salim, seorang sahabat karibnya yang pernah aktif di International Padvinder Organisation yang dibentuk Sarekat Rakyat Padang Panjang, aktivis Kuminih muda, dan founder kepanduan El-Hilaal milik Persatuan Madrasah Diniyaah School (PMDS) dan Persatuan Sumatra Thawalib (Salim, 1980 dikutip Sufyan, 2020: hal. 33). El-Hilaal terbentuk dari ikrar sebelas orang pelajar Diniyaah dan Sumatra Thawalib, yaitu Leon Salim (Payakumbuh), Hasanuddin Yunus (Sungai Puar), Luthan Gani (Maninjau) Damanhuri (Payakumbuh), Mahyuddin Tonex (Pariaman), A. Murad (Sungai Puar), Muhammad Junus Kotjek (Sinabang), Hasanuddin Arif (Teluk Betung, Lampung), Danil Sulaiman (Kroe Bengkulu), Assauddin Kimin (Singkil), dan Jumhur Kahar (Sibolga). Kesebelas pelajar berkumpul, pasca dua tahun meletusnya peristiwa Silungkang yang mengguncangkan jiwa orang Minangkabau.(ibid.). Dalam pertemuan awal, dicanangkan kepanduan El-Hilaal dalam ikrar janji:
Dengan nama Allah kami bersumpah:
“Dengan segala daya upaya serta jalan yang bagaimanapun kami akan meneruskan cita-cita dan perjoangan bangsa kami” (ibid.)
Kepengurusan El-Hilaal terpilih M. Junus Kotjek (Ketua), Leon Salim (Sekretaris), dan Mahjuddin Tonex (Komisaris). Pengurus El-Hilaal membutuhkan calon pengurus untuk Biro Pendidikan dan menerjemahkan buku-buku Padvinders berbahasa Inggris dan Belanda. Abdullah Basa Bandaro memberi referensi kepada Leon untuk memilih Chatib Sulaiman (anak angkat Basa Bandaro), guru HIS Muhammadiyah dan Madrasah Irsyadin Naas (MIN) Padang Panjang, autodidak, punya kemahiran bahasa, dan pernah bersekolah di MULO. Di dalam El-Hilaal, Chatib punya tugas khusus, yaitu menerjemahkan buku-buku Padvinder dari bahasa Belanda dan Inggris, sebagai panduan bagi anggota kepanduan El-Hilaal.(ibid.)
Ketika Basa Bandaro mengusulkan namanya kepada Salim dan Kotjek, Chatib sudah berprofesi sebagai pemain biola pengiring film-film bisu di sebuah bioskop kota Padang. Meski pendidikannya rendah, Chatib memiliki otak cerdas dan sejak saat itu hingga wafatnya dua puluh tahun kemudian dia menjadi ahli teori dan strategi gerakan nasionalis terkemuka di Sumatera Barat.(Kahin, 2005: h.71)
El-Hilaal tidak berlangsung lama. Pada bulan Mei 1930, dalam kongres pendirian Persatuan Muslim Indonesia (Permi) terjadi pertengkaran antara Djalaluddin Thaib dan tokoh-tokoh El-Hilaal, khususnya Leon Salim. Akibat dari pertengkaran ini sebagian besar murid sekolah Diniyyah menolak beraliansi dengan Permi. Organisasi pemuda terpecah dua. El-Hilaal tetap menjalin kerjasama dengan pemimpin-pemimpin Permi, sedangkan murid-murid sekolah Diniyyah membentuk organisasi baru, Kepanduan Indonesia Muslim (KIM) dipimpin oleh Leon Salim, Chatib Sulaiman, dan M. Junus Kotjek.(Kahin, 2005: h. 72). KIM menjadi organisasi pemuda independen terbesar di Sumatra Barat, sampai tahun 1932 anggotanya berjumlah dua ribu orang dengan tigapuluh cabang. (Ibid. hal. 73)
Merintis PNI Baru di Sumatera Barat
Sejak hadirnya Bung Hatta di PMDS, pengurus KIM hampir seluruhnya setuju, melibatkan diri dalam perkumpulan PNI Baru.Walaupun beberapa anggota PMDS ada yang keberatan, bila Chatib dan Leon membawa Diniyyah dalam gerbong PNI Baru, dan menganjurkan memperkuat partai-partai politik yang telah ada, yakni Permi dan PSII. Namun Chatib dan kawan-kawannya telah membulatkan tekad untuk mendirikan PNI Baru.(Sufyan, 2019: h. 60-61). Chatib adalah salah seorang yang sangat mengidolakan sosok Hatta. (Zed dalam Israr, 2019: hal.x; Kahin, 2005)
Kehadiran PNI Baru mendapat serangan dari Permi. Serangan tidak hanya diarahkan pada tokoh-tokoh lokalnya, melainkan juga tentang sedikitnya anggota cabang-cabang PNI Baru, dan bahkan mengenai sikap dan posisi Hatta sendiri. Serangan Permi yang paling keras dan berpotensi merusak adalah tudingan bahwa PNI Baru ini antiagama. Bersama-sama dengan PSII, Permi menuduh bahwa “netralitasnya PNI Baru terhadap agama menunjukkan sikap antiagama, nasionalismenya bertentangan dengan Islam, sikap berdikarinya mengingkari Tuhan, dan paham kolektivisnya secara menyolok berlawanan dengan Islam. Chatib Sulaiman menjawab tuduhan-tuduhan tersebut secara terbuka pada akhir 1932. Chatib menekankan persamaan tujuan dan cara di antara partai-partai yang nonkooperatif dan sekaligus mengemukan sejumlah perbedaan mendasar, dengan menyatakan, bila kedua partai keagamaan itu (Permi dan PSII) menggunakan asas agama atau agama dan nasionalisme, PNI Baru hanya mengambil nasionalisme dan demokrasi sebagai asas. Sejalan dengan itu, Hatta tetap teguh dengan prinsipnya bahwa meskipun dia sendiri sebagai muslim taat, dia tidak mendukung atau bergabung dengan partai yang memakai asas agama. Audrey Kahin mengatakan bahwa pembelaan Chatib Sulaiman atas PNI baru ini menunjukkan pula salah satu keandalannya yang memungkinkan dia tetap menjadi politisi paling berpengaruh selama dua puluh tahun. Dalam menjawab kecaman-kecaman itu, Chatib mencoba menjernihkan persoalan dengan mencari titik persamaan antara kekuatan yang saling bersaing- kesamaan itu adalah sikap nonkooperatif dari PNI baru dan partai-partai pengecamnya.(Kahin, 2005: h. 76-77)
Ada beberapa faktor yang mendorong Chatib memilih PNI Baru sebagai kendaraan politiknya.
Pertama, PNI Baru jelas menerangkan bahwa mereka menginginkan Indonesia merdeka dengan kekuatan nasionalis.
Kedua, Indonesia merdeka dalam bentuk pemerintahan Republik dengan titik tolak demokrasi ekonomi dan politik.
Ketiga, bila pimpinannya nanti tertangkap ataupun dihukum buang, organisasi tidak akan mati.
Keempat, perkumpulan akan mempersiapkan sistem kader ataupun kursus politik, termasuk merekrut masyarakat masuk dalam perkumpulan.
Berbeda dari asas Islam dan nasionalisme pada Permi, PNI Baru berasaskan nasionalisme dan demokrasi, lebih konsentrasi pada pendidikan kader ketimbang mobilisasi massa. (Kahin, 2005: h. 75)
Segera setelah PNI Baru dibentuk di Sumatera Barat pada tahun 1932, Chatib Sulaiman dipilih menjadi ketua sementara (Ibid.). Tugasnya menyelenggarakan pendidikan politik calon anggota dan masyarakat, dan mengawasi seksi-seksi lain di Sumatera Barat. Leon Salim memimpin cabang Padang Panjang, Ali Umar di cabang Pariaman, Darwis Thaib di cabang Maninjau, Rahimi di cabang Bukittinggi, dan Nur Arif di cabang Padang. (Salim, dikutip Kahin, ibid.) Namun hal ini hanya bertahan beberapa bulan, karena pada Agustus 1933 pemerintah Kolonial Belanda mengeluarkan aturan larangan berorganisasi (vergader verbod) Sejak saat itu Chatib mengundurkan diri dari PNI Baru, dan lebih memilih mengabdi pada lapangan pendidikan dan ekonomi, sambil terus menulis dan memberikan ceramah . (ibid. h. 76; 129)
Konsep “pertahanan rakyat” Khas Sumatera Barat
Chatib melahirkan konsep “pertahanan rakyat” khas Sumatera Barat. Dikenal dengan nama Badan Pertahanan Nagari dan Kota (BPNK) yang sangat dekat di telinga para pejuang kemerdekaan di daerah ini saat itu. Menurutnya, kekuatan pejuang kita tidak mungkin menghadapi serdadu Belanda yang kuat dan modern secara frontal, tetapi harus mengepungnya dengan mengandalkan potensi lokal. (Zed dalam Israr, 2019: hal. x). Chatib menyusun barisan pertahanan rakyat di tiap nagari. Lalu lahirlah BPNK yang bertindak sebagai koordinator dalam pertahanan nagari dan kota, yang dibantu oleh tentara regular. Di samping itu BPNK memiliki satuan khusus yang disebut dengan Pasukan Mobil teras (PMT).
Sesuai dengan namanya, PMT bergerak terus-menerus mengawal keamanan antar nagari, mengumpulkan informasi intelijen dari satu tempat ke tempat lain dan sesekali menerobos kota, yang umumnya sudah dikuasai Belanda. Dengan demikian, rintangan komunikasi yang amat sulit waktu itu sedikit banyak dapat diatasi dan barisan kekuatan perjuangan dapat disiapkan lebih matang.
Mengabdi untuk Pendidikan
Pada tahun 1934 Chatib yang berusia 28 tahun ditawari amanah sebagai kepala sekolah HIS Muhammadiyah Padang Panjang. Di bawah pimpinan Chatib, HIS Muhammadiyah ditata kembali, termasuk mencari pengajar. ia memilih calon guru dari jebolan kepanduannya. HIS Muhammadiyah yang awalnya tertatih-tahih, di tangan Chatib mulai membaik.
Pada tahun 1935 Chatib mendirikan lembaga pendidikan yang diberi nama Merapi Institut. Berlokasi di Pasar Padang Panjang. Pola manajemen pendidikan Chatib berhasil mendongkrak minat masyarakat untuk menyekolahkan anak-anaknya di Merapi Institut.
Bersama Inyiak Adam BB, M. Junus Kotjek, dan Alamsuddin, mendirikan Islamic Seminary di kampung Nias. Melalui lembaga tersebut, Chatib ingin murid-murid yang bersekolah di sekolah-sekolah swasta Islam, menguasai bahasa Arab dan Inggris.
Kepustakaan: Israr, Hikmat (2019) Chatib Sulaiman: Sosok Putra Minang yang Berjuang dan Gugur untuk Kemerdekaan Indonesia. Bandung: Penerbit Budaya Media Kahin, Audrey (2005) Dari Pemberontakan ke Integrasi: Sumatra Barat dan Politik Indonesia 1926-1998. Jakarta: Yayasan Obor Indonesia Sufyan, Fikrul Hanif (2018) Sang Republiken: Biografi Chatib Sulaiman. Padang: Penerbit Dinas Perpustakaan Kota Padang
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