Polemik Penguasaan Lahan IKN 190 Tahun

IKN mega proyek yang digadang- gadang menjadi warisan Presiden Joko Widodo mendapat banyak kritikan, terlepas dari impian Indonesia menampilkan diri sebagai negara maju namun proyek IKN sangat merugikan masyarakat setempat. Melalui UU Nomor 21 Tahun 2023 tentang IKN yang berisi aturan HGU untuk investor IKN selama 190 tahun itu merupakan revisi dari UU Nomor 3 Tahun 2022 tentang Ibu Kota Negara. Kebijakan HGU tersebut sudah disorot sejak  Rancangan Undang-Undang (RUU) dan disetujui pada september tahun lalu. RUU kala itu mendapat banyak kritikan, pasal 16A menyebutkan bahwa jangka waktu pemberian berbagai jenis hak atas tanah tersebut sangat panjang. HGU, misalnya, dapat diberikan dalam dua siklus, masing- masing dengan jangka waktu paling lama 95 tahun alias 190 tahun. Kendatipun kontroversial, Revisi RUU tentang Perubahan atas UU Nomor 3 Tahun 2022 tentang Ibu Kota Negara atau revisi UU IKN akhirnya disahkan oleh DPR pada 3 Oktober 2023. PKS menjadi fraksi yang menolak revisi UU IKN tersebut. Mardani Ali Sera politisi partai PKS yang merupakan anggota komisi II DPR mengatakan aturan penguasaan tanah di IKN bertentangan dengan konstitusi. Prinsip hak menguasai negara terhadap bumi, air, dan runag angkasa serta prinsip kedaulatan rakyat dibidang ekonomi diatur dalam pasal 33 UUD 1945. Kebijakan konsesi ini juga bertentangan dengan Putusan Mahkamah Konstitusi Nomor 21-22/PUU-V/2007 tentang penanaman modal (UU PM) bertentangan dengan konstitusi.

Sekretaris Jenderal Konsorsium Pembaruan Agraria, Dewi Kartika, mengungkapkan RUU IKN itu dinilai mengabaikan masyarakat dan lingkungan hidup di lokasi proyek. DPR dinilai gagal melahirkan jaminan perlindungan hak masyarakat, terutama masyarakat adat setempat. Pengaturan dua siklus pemberian hak atas tanah di IKN dalam pasal 16A bermasalah karena tidak dikenal dalam UU Nomor 5 Tahun 1960 tentang Peraturan Dasar Pokok-pokok Agraria. Jangka Waktu hak atas tanah ini bahkan lebih panjang dibanding Agrrarische Wet 1870, produk kolonial yang hanya memberi konsesi selama 75 tahun. UUPA 1960 juga mengatur perpanjangan HAT, hanya bisa selama masih memenuhi syarat, sebagaimana diatur dalam UUPA 1960. Yang terjadi pada Perpres 75/2024 justru memberikan kesempatan perpanjangan dan pembaruan hanya dalam satu kali siklus. Dengan begitu Perpres yang dikeluarkan oleh Presiden Jokowi dijelang akhir masa jabatannya tidak sesuai dengan UUPA 1960. Sebagai payung hukum agraria nasional yang sampai saat ini masih berlaku, UUPA 1960 merupakan pelaksanaan dari Dekrit Presiden 5 Juli 1959 dan pasal 33 UUD 1945 juga Manifesto Politik Republik Indonesia. Alih-alih menjalankan amanat secara konsekuen,pemerintah justru mengubur kedalam jurang UUPA 1960 dengan menerbitkan aturan lebih pro modal.  Dalam peraturan ini pemerintah juga memberikan keistimewaan investor dalam bentuk pembebasan tarif bea perolehan hak atas tanah dan bangunan (BPHTB) alias tarif 0%. Celakanya, dengan durasi konsesi yang sangat panjang ketentuan pengenai pencabutan atau penghapusan hak sama sekali tidak diatur dalam PP12/2023 maupun Perpres75/2024.

Direktur Eksekutif Center of Economic an Law Studies (CELIOS) Bhima Yudhistira menilai, kebijakan ini berpotensi mendatangkan sejumlah bahaya. Salah satunya pemerintah tidak memiliki kendali terhadap pemanfaatan –pemanfaatan lahan hingga izin HGU tersebut selesai. Selain itu, menurutnya model pembangunan ibu kota baru dengan izin HGU lama unik. Ia belum pernah melihat pembangunan ibu kota di suatu negara yang seharusnya di jaga dari sisi keamanannya, justru fungsi lahannya dikendalikan oleh investor.

Dalam hal ini pemerintah sangat gegabah dan tidak mengkaji secara matang apa saja berbagai masalah yang akan timbul, mengingat ini merupakan mega proyek yang akan menjadi warisan dan tentunya menjadi kebanggaan namun harus siap menanggung resiko konflik lahan di masa yang akan datang. Berbagai masalah agraria bisa timbul dengan pemanfaatan lahan yang sangat lama bisa sampai 3-4 generasi investor yang mengelola lahan. Kilas balik dari konflik agraria yang terjadi di masyarakat, penguasaan lahan yang telah melampaui waktu dan tempat mengorban kan rakyat kecil dan para pengusaha memanfaatkan aparat untuk mengamankan lahannya dari gangguan rakyat yang telah diambil haknya.

 

Pemerintah Hanya Cari Untung

Pemerintah hanya menguntungkan diri dengan banyaknya investor masuk dengan itu berbangga diri dirasa telah sukses menarik para investor luar untuk menanam modal di IKN. Investor tentu akan memikirkan keuntungan, dan sebagai penyeimbang pemerintah harus menyiapkan regulasi yang ketat. Bukan tidak mungkin akan terjadi gesekan antara pengelola lahan dengan masyarakat. Satu pertanyaan yang harus dijawab oleh pemerintah, Apa yang rakyat kecil dapatkan dari IKN dan penguasaan lahan 190 tahun oleh investor? Semua yang terjadi dan akan dilakukan di IKN tentu tidak sembarangan dalam artian tidak lagi menggunakan sumber daya rendah sebagai pekerja sudah barang tentu segala aktivitas akan dikontrol melalui sitem teknologi yang canggih, lalu apakah rakyat sekitar hanya bisa menontoh kemegahan, kemewahan yang sama sekali tidak berguna bagi mereka. Indonesia merdeka hanya untuk rakyat bukan untuk para pemilik modal yang telah hidup nyaman sejak lahir dari orang tuanya. Sebagai pelayan negeri, tentu pemerintah memiki kewajiban untuk melaksanakan UUD 1945 yakni keadilan sosial bagi seluruh rakyat indonesia. Pandangan pemerintah yang hanya memikirkan keuntungan tanpa mengerti betapa susahnya rakyat yang semakin sulit menghadapi kenyataan hidup.

 

Kajian Akademis Tidak Dipertimbangkan

Dalam berbagai kebijakan langkah awal yang harus dimulai ialah literatur atau kajian akademis, dengan kajian yang mendalam dan mempertimbangkan berbagai pendapat ahli ahli akan meminimalisi ketimpangan yang akan terjadi di masyarakat. Pemerintah seolah-olah menutup mata dan hanya duduk berdua mesra dengan para investor menari menikmati keuntungan yang nanti akan didapat, keserakahan yang akan menimbulkan kemiskinan semakin banyak. Dengan usaha pemerintah mengkaji lebih dulu apa dan bagaimana dampak kebijakannya memungkinkan para ahli memberikan masukan yang positif untuk keberlanjutan pembangunan yang berkeadilan. Luapan emosi rakyat akan semakin besar jika dinilai kebijakan semakin hari membuat kesulitan hidup menjadi-jadi, keresahan yang seharusnya juga dirasakan oleh para petinggi negeri.

Para investor yang telah memiliki berbagai aset harus pula diberi regulasi yang ketat agar dikemudian hari tidak menggilas lahan rakyat dengan memanipulasi pengadilan. Catatan yang harus diingat oleh pemerintah dalam hal ini ialah regulasi yang ketat itu berguna untuk menertibkan para investor yang memiliki kekayaan namun tidak taat pajak, sementara rakyat dengan penghasilan pas-pasan diminta taat pajak dan iuran lainnya setelah itu hak nya hendak dirampas oleh para investor yang serakah. Sejauh ini konflik agraria yang melibatkan para pengusaha dan rakyat kecil, tidak jarang keputusan pengadilan justru tidak memuaskan dan tidak berpihak pada rakyat kecil. Dengan segala cara yang dimiliki,investor mampu membuat pengadilan seolah sekutunya yang bisa ia arahkan kemanapun ia mau bahkan menggilas habis aset masyarakat pun ia lakukan.

 

*Ditulis Oleh Sabarnuddin (Mahasiswa Sejarah Universitas Negeri Padang)*

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